List of Symbols - Engineering Thermodynamics

Symbols used throughout the book, as defined in the original edition.

Symbol	Name (unit)	First appearance
$A$	Surface area $(m^{2})$	eq. 2/5 p. 37
$C$	Velocity $(m s^{-1})$	eq. 1/5 p. 15
cop	Coefficient of Performance: efficiency $\eta$ of a heat pump or refrigeration system (unitless)	eq. 6/6 p. 159
$c$	Thermal capacity $(J kg^{-1}K^{-1})$	eq. 1/16 p. 21
$c_{p}$	Specific heat capacity at constant pressure $(J kg^{-1}K^{-1})$	§4.2.1 p. 86
$c_{v}$	Specific heat capacity at constant volume $(J kg^{-1}K^{-1})$	§4.2.1 p. 86
$d$	Exact differential (mathematical operator)	§A4 p. 316
$E$	Energy $(J)$	eq. 1/3 p. 14
$E$	Power $(W)$	eq. 1/6 p. 15
$E_{k}$	Kinetic energy $(J)$	eq. 1/5 p. 15
$E_{m}$	Mechanical energy $(J)$	eq. 1/9 p. 15
$E_{p}$	Potential energy $(J)$	eq. 1/7 p. 15
$e$	Specific energy $(J kg^{-1})$ and specific power $(J kg^{-1})$	eq. 1/3 p. 14
$e_{k}$	Specific kinetic energy $(J kg^{-1})$	eq. 1/6 p. 15
$e_{m}$	Specific mechanical energy $(J kg^{-1})$	eq. 1/9 p. 15
$e_{p}$	Specific potential energy $(J kg^{-1})$	eq. 1/7 p. 15
$F$	Force $(N)$	eq. 1/10 p. 16
$g$	Gravitational acceleration $(m s^{-2})$	eq. 1/8 p. 15
$H$	Enthalpy $(J)$	eq. 3/13 p. 65
$h$	Specific enthalpy $(J kg^{-1})$	eq. 3/12 p. 65
$h_{L}$	Specific enthalpy of saturated liquid $(J kg^{-1})$	tab. 5.3 p. 126
$h_{V}$	Specific enthalpy of saturated vapor $(J kg^{-1})$	tab. 5.3 p. 126
$h_{LV}$	Specific enthalpy of vaporization: $h_{LV}\equiv \Delta h_{L\rightarrow V}\equiv h_{V}- h_{L} (J kg^{-1})$	tab. 5.3 p. 126
$h_{x}$	Specific enthalpy of a liquid-vapor mixture with dryness fraction $x (J kg^{-1})$	eq. 5/4 p. 128
$k$	Any constant (units in si as needed)	—
$l$	Displacement $(m)$	eq. 1/10 p. 16
$M_{w}$	Work ratio (unitless)	eq. 10/1 p. 270
$m$	Mass $(kg)$	eq. 1/3 p. 14
$\dot{m}$	Mass flow rate $(kg s^{-1})$	eq. 1/4 p. 14
$p$	Pressure $(Pa)$	eq. 2/5 p. 37
$p_{\mathrm{cr}.}$	Critical pressure $(Pa)$	§5.2.1 p. 118
$p_{\mathrm{sat}.}$	Saturation pressure $(Pa)$	§5.3.2 p. 126
$Q$	Heat $(J)$	§1.1.3 p. 12
$\dot{Q}$	Power as heat $(W)$	ex. 1.2 p. 14
$q$	Specific heat $(J kg^{-1})$ and specific power as heat $(J kg^{-1})$	ex. 1.1 p. 14
$R$	Ideal gas constant $(J K^{-1}kg^{-1})$	eq. 4/1 p. 83
$S$	Entropy $(J K^{-1})$	eq. 8/1 p. 211 & eq. 8/2 p. 211
$s$	Specific entropy $(J K^{-1}kg^{-1})$	§5.3.1 p. 123
$s_{L}$	Specific entropy of saturated liquid $(J K^{-1}kg^{-1})$	eq. 8/14 p. 221
$s_{V}$	Specific entropy of saturated vapor $(J K^{-1}kg^{-1})$	eq. 8/14 p. 221
$s_{LV}$	Specific entropy of vaporization: $s_{LV}\equiv \Delta s_{L\rightarrow V}\equiv s_{V}- s_{L} (J K^{-1}kg^{-1})$	eq. 8/14 p. 221
$s_{x}$	Specific entropy of a liquid-vapor mixture with dryness fraction $x (J K^{-1}kg^{-1})$	eq. 8/14 p. 221
ssc	Specific Steam Consumption $(kg J^{-1})$	eq. 9/2 p. 243
$T$	Temperature $(K)$	§1.4.1 p. 19
$T_{\mathrm{cr}.}$	Critical temperature $(K)$	§5.2.1 p. 118
$T_{\mathrm{sat}.}$	Saturation temperature $(K)$	§5.3.2 p. 126
$t$	Time $(s)$	ex. 1.7 p. 21
$U$	Internal energy $(J)$	§1.1.3 p. 12
$\dot{U}$	Rate of increase of internal energy $(W)$	eq. 3/6 p. 63
$u$	Specific internal energy $(J kg^{-1})$	eq. 2/2 p. 35
$u_{L}$	Specific internal energy of saturated liquid $(J kg^{-1})$	tab. 5.3 p. 126
$u_{V}$	Specific internal energy of saturated vapor $(J kg^{-1})$	tab. 5.3 p. 126
$u_{LV}$	Specific internal energy of vaporization: $u_{LV}\equiv \Delta u_{L\rightarrow V}\equiv u_{V}- u_{L} (J kg^{-1})$	tab. 5.3 p. 126
$u_{x}$	Specific internal energy of a liquid-vapor mixture with dryness fraction $x (J kg^{-1})$	eq. 5/5 p. 129
$V$	Volume $(m^{3})$	eq. 2/10 p. 37
$\dot{V}$	Volumetric flow rate $(m^{3}s^{-1})$	eq. 3/3 p. 63
$v$	Specific volume $(m^{3}kg^{-1})$	eq. 2/15 p. 40
$v_{L}$	Specific volume of saturated liquid $(m^{3}kg^{-1})$	tab. 5.3 p. 126
$v_{V}$	Specific volume of saturated vapor $(m^{3}kg^{-1})$	tab. 5.3 p. 126
$v_{x}$	Specific volume of a liquid-vapor mixture with dryness fraction $x (m^{3}kg^{-1})$	eq. 5/6 p. 129
$W$	Work $(J)$	§1.1.3 p. 12
$\dot{W}$	Power as work $(W)$	§1.1.4 p. 13
$w$	Specific work $(J kg^{-1})$ and specific power as work $(J kg^{-1})$	eq. 2/2 p. 35
$x$	Dryness fraction of a liquid-vapor mixture (unitless)	§5.3.3 p. 128
$z$	Altitude $(m)$	eq. 1/7 p. 15
$\gamma$	Ratio of heat capacities (unitless)	eq. 4/9 p. 89
$\Delta$	Net difference between two values (mathematical operator)	§A4 p. 316
δ	Inexact differential (mathematical operator)	§A4 p. 316
$\varepsilon$	Compression ratio (unitless)	eq. 10/3 p. 274
$\eta$	Efficiency of a thermodynamic machine (unitless)	eq. 6/3 p. 158
$\eta _{\mathrm{T}}$	Isentropic efficiency of a turbine (unitless)	eq. 9/6 p. 247
$\eta _{\mathrm{C}}$	Isentropic efficiency of a compressor (unitless)	eq. 10/5 p. 279
$\lambda$	Number of configurations (unitless)	eq. 8/17 p. 230
$\rho$	Density, $\rho \equiv 1/v = m/V (kg m^{-3})$	—