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The textbook text and its original instructional drawings are adapted under CC BY-NC-SA 3.0. Openly licensed components retain their own licenses. Restricted source photographs are replaced before assets are copied into this edition.

Replacement illustrations

Historical alchemical symbols

Used in ch-01-chemistry-matter-and-measureme. Historical alchemists used symbols for materials. Shown here are symbols for gold, silver, copper, and iron.

Figure 1.4 Boiling Water

Used in ch-01-chemistry-matter-and-measureme. A heated kettle illustrates boiling: liquid water becomes invisible water vapor. The visible mist near the spout consists of condensed liquid droplets.

Figure 1.6 Measuring Blood Pressure

Used in ch-01-chemistry-matter-and-measureme. A cuff and pressure gauge provide a quantitative blood-pressure measurement. The diagram shows the measurement apparatus schematically.

Figure 1.8 The Kilogram

Used in ch-01-chemistry-matter-and-measureme. The historical international kilogram prototype was a platinum–iridium cylinder. Since 2019, the SI defines the kilogram by a fixed value of the Planck constant; this cylinder illustrates the earlier standard.

Chemistry in pharmacy

Used in ch-01-chemistry-matter-and-measureme. Pharmacists use chemical knowledge to interpret concentrations and measure quantities accurately.

Figure 2.1 Samples of Elements

Used in ch-02-elements-atoms-and-the-periodi. Schematic samples distinguish yellow solid gold, silvery solid iron, and silvery liquid mercury at room temperature.

Plaster of Paris

Used in ch-03-ionic-bonding-and-simple-ionic. Calcium sulfate hemihydrate hardens when it reacts with water to form gypsum, making it useful in casts.

Fermentation makes bread rise

Used in ch-05-introduction-to-chemical-react. Yeast converts glucose into ethanol and carbon dioxide. Carbon dioxide bubbles expand the dough.

Proportions in a recipe

Used in ch-05-introduction-to-chemical-react. A recipe fixes ingredient proportions. A balanced chemical equation similarly fixes relative amounts of reactants and products.

Coin-cells

Used in ch-05-introduction-to-chemical-react. Button cells provide electrical energy through redox reactions. These compact batteries are used in small electronic devices.

Figure 5.5 The Burning of Natural Gas

Used in ch-05-introduction-to-chemical-react. Burning methane in a gas burner is both combustion and a redox reaction.

Figure 5.6 Citrus Fruits

Used in ch-05-introduction-to-chemical-react. Citrus fruits supply vitamin C, an antioxidant that can donate electrons in redox processes.

Figure 5.7 Life on Earth

Used in ch-05-introduction-to-chemical-react. Plants capture sunlight through photosynthesis, converting carbon dioxide and water into carbohydrates and oxygen.

Figure 7.1 Nutritional Energy

Used in ch-07-energy-and-chemical-processes. Food labels report energy in Calories: 1 Calorie = 1 kilocalorie = 4,184 joules. This FDA example lists 230 Calories per serving.

Figure 7.2 The Boiling Point of Water

Used in ch-07-energy-and-chemical-processes. At 1 atmosphere, liquid water and water vapor in equilibrium at the boiling point both have a temperature of 100°C. Added energy drives the phase change.

Figure 8.1 Water

Used in ch-08-solids-liquids-and-gases. Water occurs as ice, liquid water, and invisible water vapor. The mist near a kettle is a suspension of tiny liquid droplets formed when vapor condenses.

Figure 8.2 Diamond

Used in ch-08-solids-liquids-and-gases. Diamond is a crystalline form of carbon with a three-dimensional network of covalent bonds.

Figure 8.3 Sodium Chloride

Used in ch-08-solids-liquids-and-gases. Solid sodium chloride contains sodium and chloride ions held together by ionic interactions.

Figure 8.7 Crystalline Arrangement

Used in ch-08-solids-liquids-and-gases. A regular arrangement of particles produces a repeating crystal lattice; the diagram shows a simplified slice of an ionic crystal.

Figure 9.1 Solubility

Used in ch-09-solutions. Oil and water form separate liquid layers because their intermolecular interactions differ. The less dense oil forms the top layer.

Figure 9.2 Mass/Volume Percent

Used in ch-09-solutions. A 0.9% mass/volume sodium chloride solution contains 0.9 g of NaCl in each 100 mL of final solution.

Water and solute balance

Used in ch-09-solutions. Excess water intake can dilute extracellular sodium. Water movement across cell membranes then changes cell volume.

Figure 9.4 Solvation

Used in ch-09-solutions. Water molecules surround dissolved ions. The oxygen ends of water molecules face a positive ion; hydrogen ends face a negative ion.

Figure 9.5 Ionic Dissociation

Used in ch-09-solutions. When an ionic solid dissolves, its ions separate and become dispersed in water. The diagram omits water molecules to emphasize separation.

Figure 9.7 Effect of Freezing Point Depression

Used in ch-09-solutions. Road salt lowers the freezing point of water, helping melt ice on treated surfaces.

Hemodialysis

Used in ch-09-solutions. A semipermeable membrane separates blood from dialysate. Small waste solutes diffuse down their concentration gradients; cells and most proteins remain in the blood. Water removal in clinical hemodialysis is controlled chiefly by a pressure difference.

Figure 10.1 Prevalence of Acids and Bases

Used in ch-10-acids-and-bases. Everyday products contain acids or bases: vinegar contains acetic acid, while household ammonia is basic.

A medicine as a hydrochloride salt

Used in ch-10-acids-and-bases. A basic amine can accept a proton from hydrochloric acid, forming a hydrochloride salt. This generic scheme shows the acid–base chemistry.

Different cleaning chemistries

Used in ch-10-acids-and-bases. Cleaning products use a range of chemical ingredients. Product labels distinguish an alkaline drain cleaner from a plant-derived cleaning formulation.

Smokealarm

Used in ch-11-nuclear-chemistry. Some smoke detectors use a small radioactive source in an ionization chamber to help detect smoke.

Figure 11.2 Detecting Radioactivity

Used in ch-11-nuclear-chemistry. A Geiger counter detects ionizing radiation and reports a count rate.

Positron emission tomography

Used in ch-11-nuclear-chemistry. After positron–electron annihilation, two gamma photons travel in approximately opposite directions. A detector ring records coincidences to reconstruct the tracer distribution.

Lycopene and tomatoes

Used in ch-13-unsaturated-and-aromatic-hydro. Tomatoes owe much of their red color to lycopene, a molecule with an extended conjugated system of double bonds. The bond segment is schematic, not a complete molecular structure.

Phenolic antiseptics

Used in ch-14-organic-compounds-of-oxygen. Some phenolic derivatives are used as antiseptics. The phenol ring and the substitution pattern of 4-hexylresorcinol illustrate this family of compounds.

Figure 14.5 Aldehyde Reactions

Used in ch-14-organic-compounds-of-oxygen. An aldehyde reduces silver(I) to metallic silver while being oxidized to a carboxylate under basic conditions. Silver deposited on glass creates a reflective coating.

Figure 15.1 Carboxylic Acids in the Home

Used in ch-15-organic-acids-and-bases-and-so. Vinegar contains acetic acid; aspirin is acetylsalicylic acid; vitamin C is ascorbic acid; lemons contain citric acid; spinach contains oxalic acid. Ascorbic acid is a lactone with acidic enediol hydroxyl groups, rather than a carboxylic acid.

Figure 16.1 Using a Glucose Meter to Test Blood Glucose Level

Used in ch-16-carbohydrates. A small blood sample on a test strip is analyzed by a glucose meter. The blank screen emphasizes the measurement process.

Figure 16.4 Structures of Three Important Hexoses

Used in ch-16-carbohydrates. Fischer projections of D-glucose, D-galactose, and D-fructose show the different positions of carbonyl and hydroxyl groups. Food-source examples are grapes, milk lactose (a source of galactose after digestion), and honey.

Diabetes education

Used in ch-16-carbohydrates. Diabetes educators help people connect glucose monitoring, nutrition, physical activity, and prescribed medication.

FDA Nutrition Facts Label 2016

Used in ch-17-lipids. A Nutrition Facts label includes trans fat per serving. Under US labeling rules, a value below 0.5 g per serving may be displayed as 0 g; the example illustrates a nutrition label.

Exercise physiology

Used in ch-20-energy-metabolism. Exercise physiologists relate physical activity to oxygen use and energy metabolism, and help plan appropriate activity.

Figure 18.7 The Quaternary Structure of Hemoglobin

Used in ch-18-amino-acids-proteins-and-enzym. Hemoglobin contains four globin subunits, each with a heme group. This conceptual diagram shows subunit organization rather than atomic coordinates.

Figure 19.1 Human Insulin Products Now Being Used

Used in ch-19-nucleic-acids. Recombinant production supplies human insulin for treatment of diabetes. Generic insulin containers represent the products without reproducing commercial packaging.

David W. Ball

Used in about-the-authors. Author of the source textbook: David W. Ball.

John W. Hill

Used in about-the-authors. Author of the source textbook: John W. Hill.

Rhonda J. Scott

Used in about-the-authors. Author of the source textbook: Rhonda J. Scott.

Periodic table of the elements

Used in appendix-periodic-table-of-the. The periodic table with all 118 official element names and symbols; atomic weights are CIAAW abridged 2024 values. Bracketed numbers are mass numbers for selected radioactive isotopes, rather than standard atomic weights.

Reading a periodic-table cell

Used in appendix-periodic-table-of-the. Reading a periodic-table cell: the atomic number counts protons; the chemical symbol identifies the element; a standard atomic weight describes a naturally occurring isotopic mixture. Bracketed mass numbers for selected radioactive isotopes have a different meaning.

Figure 2.7 A Modern Periodic Table

Used in ch-02-elements-atoms-and-the-periodi. The periodic table with all 118 official element names and symbols; atomic weights are CIAAW abridged 2024 values. Bracketed numbers are mass numbers for selected radioactive isotopes, rather than standard atomic weights.

Figure 1.7 Measuring an Object to the Correct Number of Digits

Used in ch-01-chemistry-matter-and-measureme. A ruler with 0.1 cm divisions supports one additional estimated decimal place. This schematic example reports a length of 1.37 cm; the final digit is estimated.

Linus Pauling and chemical bonding

Used in ch-04-covalent-bonding-and-simple-mo. Linus Pauling helped explain chemical bonding and developed a widely used electronegativity scale. This conceptual illustration replaces the source portrait.

Figure 2.2 John Dalton

Used in ch-02-elements-atoms-and-the-periodi. John Dalton proposed his atomic theory in the early nineteenth century. Equal numbers of identical atoms represent a pure element in this conceptual schematic, which replaces the source portrait.

Figure 11.3 Shroud of Turin

Used in ch-11-nuclear-chemistry. Carbon-14 decays after an organism stops exchanging carbon with its surroundings. Measuring its remaining activity provides an age estimate. This diagram illustrates the principle applied to the Shroud of Turin in the source discussion; it does not depict the cloth or provide its measured data.

Figure 16.7 Benedict’s Test

Used in ch-16-carbohydrates. In Benedict’s test, fructose and glucose give positive reducing-sugar results after heating, while sucrose remains blue without prior hydrolysis. These colors are schematic, since the amount and appearance of precipitate depend on conditions.

Polarized light and crossed filters

Used in ch-16-carbohydrates. Light passing through a polarizer can pass through a second polarizer with a parallel transmission axis. A second polarizer with a perpendicular transmission axis ideally blocks that light.

Figure 18.1 An Insulin Pump

Used in ch-18-amino-acids-proteins-and-enzym. An insulin pump delivers insulin through tubing to a small cannula beneath the skin. The illustration shows the delivery path schematically without commercial device packaging.

Detecting amino acids with ninhydrin

Used in ch-18-amino-acids-proteins-and-enzym. Ninhydrin reacts with many amino acids to produce a purple color. Traces of amino acids in a fingerprint can therefore reveal its ridge pattern. The fingerprint here is an original schematic, not a forensic specimen.

Figure 16.11 Cellulose

Used in ch-16-carbohydrates. Cellulose is built from glucose units joined by β-1,4-glycosidic linkages. Hydrogen bonds between extended chains help hold parallel chains together in fibers. This conceptual model replaces both the source structure panel and its uncredited micrograph.

Retained separately credited open images

Appendices and credits
Sources and Attribution
Appendices and credits
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