Appendix K: The Chemical Elements

Table K1
The Chemical Elements
ElementSymbolAtomic NumberAtomic Weight[1]Percentage of Naturally Occurring Elements in the Universe
HydrogenH11.00875
HeliumHe24.00323
LithiumLi36.946 × 10−7
BerylliumBe49.0121 × 10−7
BoronB510.8211 × 10−7
CarbonC612.0110.5
NitrogenN714.0070.1
OxygenO815.9991
FluorineF918.9984 × 10−5
NeonNe1020.1800.13
SodiumNa1122.9900.002
MagnesiumMg1224.3050.06
AluminumAl1326.9820.005
SiliconSi1428.0850.07
PhosphorusP1530.9747 × 10−4
SulfurS1632.060.05
ChlorineCl1735.451 × 10−4
ArgonAr1839.9480.02
PotassiumK1939.0983 × 10−4
CalciumCa2040.0780.007
ScandiumSc2144.9563 × 10−6
TitaniumTi2247.8673 × 10−4
VanadiumV2350.9423 × 10−4
ChromiumCr2451.9960.0015
ManganeseMn2554.9388 × 10−4
IronFe2655.8450.11
CobaltCo2758.9333 × 10−4
NickelNi2858.6930.006
CopperCu2963.5466 × 10−6
ZincZn3065.383 × 10−5
GalliumGa3169.7231 × 10−6
GermaniumGe3272.6302 × 10−5
ArsenicAs3374.9228 × 10−7
SeleniumSe3478.9713 × 10−6
BromineBr3579.9047 × 10−7
KryptonKr3683.7984 × 10−6
RubidiumRb3785.4681 × 10−6
StrontiumSr3887.624 × 10−6
YttriumY3988.9067 × 10−7
ZirconiumZr4091.2245 × 10−6
NiobiumNb4192.9062 × 10−7
MolybdenumMo4295.955 × 10−7
TechnetiumTc43(98)
RutheniumRu44101.074 × 10−7
RhodiumRh45102.9066 × 10−8
PalladiumPd46106.422 × 10−7
SilverAg47107.8686 × 10−8
CadmiumCd48112.4142 × 10−7
IndiumIn49114.8183 × 10−8
TinSn50118.7104 × 10−7
AntimonySb51121.7604 × 10−8
TelluriumTe52127.609 × 10−7
IodineI53126.9041 × 10−7
XenonXe54131.2931 × 10−6
CesiumCs55132.9058 × 10−8
BariumBa56137.3271 × 10−6
LanthanumLa57138.9052 × 10−7
CeriumCe58140.1161 × 10−6
PraseodymiumPr59140.9072 × 10−7
NeodymiumNd60144.2421 × 10−6
PromethiumPm61(145)
SamariumSm62150.365 × 10−7
EuropiumEu63151.9645 × 10−8
GadoliniumGd64157.252 × 10−7
TerbiumTb65158.9255 × 10−8
DysprosiumDy66162.5002 × 10−7
HolmiumHo67164.9305 × 10−8
ErbiumEr68167.2592 × 10−7
ThuliumTm69168.9341 × 10−8
YtterbiumYb70173.0542 × 10−7
LutetiumLu71174.9671 × 10−8
HafniumHf72178.497 × 10−8
TantalumTa73180.9488 × 10−9
TungstenW74183.845 × 10−8
RheniumRe75186.2072 × 10−8
OsmiumOs76190.233 × 10−7
IridiumIr77192.2172 × 10−7
PlatinumPt78195.0845 × 10−7
GoldAu79196.9676 × 10−8
MercuryHg80200.5921 × 10−7
ThalliumTI81204.385 × 10−8
LeadPb82207.21 × 10−6
BismuthBi83208.9807 × 10−8
PoloniumPo84(209)
AstatineAt85(210)
RadonRn86(222)
FranciumFr87(223)
RadiumRa88(226)
ActiniumAc89(227)
ThoriumTh90232.0384 × 10−8
ProtactiniumPa91231.036
UraniumU92238.0292 × 10−8
NeptuniumNp93(237)
PlutoniumPu94(244)
AmericiumAm95(243)
CuriumCm96(247)
BerkeliumBk97(247)
CaliforniumCf98(251)
EinsteiniumEs99(252)
FermiumFm100(257)
MendeleviumMd101(258)
NobeliumNo102(259)
LawrenciumLr103(262)
RutherfordiumRf104(267)
DubniumDb105(268)
SeaborgiumSg106(271)
BohriumBh107(272)
HassiumHs108(270)
MeitneriumMt109(276)
DarmstadtiumDs110(281)
RoentgeniumRg111(280)
CoperniciumCn112(285)
NihoniumNh113(284)
FleroviumFl114(289)
MoskoviumMc115(288)
LivermoriumLv116(293)
TennessineTs117(294)
OganessonOg118(294)

A table titled “The Chemical Elements” with five columns and 119 rows. The first row is a header row and labels the columns “Element”, “Symbol”, “Atomic Number”, “Atomic Weight footnote: Where mean atomic weights have not been well determined, the atomic mass numbers of the most stable isotopes are given in parentheses.”, “Percentage of Naturally Occurring Elements in the Universe”. From left to right, top to bottom, the rows start with the element name and read “Hydrogen”, “H”, “1”, “1.008”, “75”. Helium”, “He”, “2”, “4.003”, “23”, Lithium”, “Li”, “3”, “6.94”, “6 times 10 to the negative 7”. Beryllium”, “Be”, “4”, “9.012”, “1 times 10 to the negative 7”, Boron”, “B”, “5”, “10.821”, “1 times 10 to the negative 7”, Carbon”, “C”, “6”, “12.011”, “0.5”, Nitrogen”, “N”, “7”, “14.007”, “0.1”, Oxygen”, “O”, “8”, “15.999”, “1”, Fluorine”, “F”, “9”, “18.998”, “4 times 10 to the negative 5”, Neon”, “Ne”, “10”, “20.180”, “0.13”, Sodium”, “Na”, “11”, “22.990”, “0.002”, Magnesium”, “Mg”, “12”, “24.305”, “0.06”, Aluminum”, “Al”, “13”, “26.982”, “0.005”, Silicon”, “Si”, “14”, “28.085”, “0.07”, Phosphorus”, “P”, “15”, “30.974”, “7 times 10 to the negative 4”, Sulfur”, “S”, “16”, “32.06”, “0.05”, Chlorine”, “Cl”, “17”, “35.45”, “1 times 10 to the negative 4”, Argon”, “Ar”, “18”, “39.948”, “0.02”, Potassium”, “K”, “19”, “39.098”, “3 times 10 to the negative 4”, Calcium”, “Ca”, “20”, “40.078”, “0.007”, Scandium”, “Sc”, “21”, “44.956”, “3 times 10 to the negative 6”, Titanium”, “Ti”, “22”, “47.867”, “3 times 10 to the negative 4”, Vanadium”, “V”, “23”, “50.942”, “3 times 10 to the negative 4”, Chromium”, “Cr”, “24”, “51.996”, “0.0015”, Manganese”, “Mn”, “25”, “54.938”, “8 times 10 to the negative 4”, Iron”, “Fe”, “26”, “55.845”, “0.11”, Cobalt”, “Co”, “27”, “58.933”, “3 times 10 to the negative 4”, Nickel”, “Ni”, “28”, “58.693”, “0.006”, Copper”, “Cu”, “29”, “63.546”, “6 times 10 to the negative 6”, Zinc”, “Zn”, “30”, “65.38”, “3 times 10 to the negative 5”, Gallium”, “Ga”, “31”, “69.723”, “1 times 10 to the negative 6”, Germanium”, “Ge”, “32”, “72.630”, “2 times 10 to the negative 5”, Arsenic”, “As”, “33”, “74.922”, “8 times 10 to the negative 7”, Selenium”, “Se”, “34”, “78.971”, “3 times 10 to the negative 6”, Bromine”, “Br”, “35”, “79.904”, “7 times 10 to the negative 7”, Krypton”, “Kr”, “36”, “83.798”, “4 times 10 to the negative 6”, Rubidium”, “Rb”, “37”, “85.468”, “1 times 10 to the negative 6”, Strontium”, “Sr”, “38”, “87.62”, “4 times 10 to the negative 6”, Yttrium”, “Y”, “39”, “88.906”, “7 times 10 to the negative 7”, Zirconium”, “Zr”, “40”, “91.224”, “5 times 10 to the negative 6”, Niobium”, “Nb”, “41”, “92.906”, “2 times 10 to the negative 7”, Molybdenum”, “Mo”, “42”, “95.95”, “5 times 10 to the negative 7”, Technetium”, “Tc”, “43”, “(98)”, “blank”, Ruthenium”, “Ru”, “44”, “101.07”, “4 times 10 to the negative 7”, Rhodium”, “Rh”, “45”, “102.906”, “6 times 10 to the negative 8”, Palladium”, “Pd”, “46”, “106.42”, “2 times 10 to the negative 7”, Silver”, “Ag”, “47”, “107.868”, “6 times 10 to the negative 8”, Cadmium”, “Cd”, “48”, “112.414”, “2 times 10 to the negative 7”, Indium”, “In”, “49”, “114.818”, “3 times 10 to the negative 8”, Tin”, “Sn”, “50”, “118.710”, “4 times 10 to the negative 7”, Antimony”, “Sb”, “51”, “121.760”, “4 times 10 to the negative 8”, Tellurium”, “Te”, “52”, “127.60”, “9 times 10 to the negative 7”, Iodine”, “I”, “53”, “126.904”, “1 times 10 to the negative 7”, Xenon”, “Xe”, “54”, “131.293”, “1 times 10 to the negative 6”, Cesium”, “Cs”, “55”, “132.905”, “8 times 10 to the negative 8”, Barium”, “Ba”, “56”, “137.327”, “1 times 10 to the negative 6”, Lanthanum”, “La”, “57”, “138.905”, “2 times 10 to the negative 7”, Cerium”, “Ce”, “58”, “140.116”, “1 times 10 to the negative 6”, Praseodymium”, “Pr”, “59”, “140.907”, “2 times 10 to the negative 7”, Neodymium”, “Nd”, “60”, “144.242”, “1 times 10 to the negative 6”, Promethium”, “Pm”, “61”, “(145)”, “blank”, Samarium”, “Sm”, “62”, “150.36”, “5 times 10 to the negative 7”, Europium”, “Eu”, “63”, “151.964”, “5 times 10 to the negative 8”, Gadolinium”, “Gd”, “64”, “157.25”, “2 times 10 to the negative 7”, Terbium”, “Tb”, “65”, “158.925”, “5 times 10 to the negative 8”, Dysprosium”, “Dy”, “66”, “162.500”, “2 times 10 to the negative 7”, Holmium”, “Ho”, “67”, “164.930”, “5 times 10 to the negative 8”, Erbium”, “Er”, “68”, “167.259”, “2 times 10 to the negative 7”, Thulium”, “Tm”, “69”, “168.934”, “1 times 10 to the negative 8”, Ytterbium”, “Yb”, “70”, “173.054”, “2 times 10 to the negative ”, ”, Lutetium”, “Lu”, “71”, “174.967”, “1 times 10 to the negative 8”, Hafnium”, “Hf”, “72”, “178.49”, “7 times 10 to the negative 8”, Tantalum”, “Ta”, “73”, “180.948”, “8 times 10 to the negative 9”, Tungsten”, “W”, “74”, “183.84”, “5 times 10 to the negative 8”, Rhenium”, “Re”, “75”, “186.207”, “2 times 10 to the negative 8”, Osmium”, “Os”, “76”, “190.23”, “3 times 10 to the negative 7”, Iridium”, “Ir”, “77”, “192.217”, “2 times 10 to the negative 7”, Platinum”, “Pt”, “78”, “195.084”, “5 times 10 to the negative 7”, Gold”, “Au”, “79”, “196.967”, “6 times 10 to the negative 8”, Mercury”, “Hg”, “80”, “200.592”, “1 times 10 to the negative 7”, Thallium”, “TI”, “81”, “204.38”, “5 times 10 to the negative 8”, Lead”, “Pb”, “82”, “207.2”, “1 times 10 to the negative 6”, Bismuth”, “Bi”, “83”, “208.980”, “7 times 10 to the negative 8”, Polonium”, “Po”, “84”, “(209)”, “blank”, Astatine”, “At”, “85”, “(210)”, “blank”, Radon”, “Rn”, “86”, “(222)”, “blank”, Francium”, “Fr”, “87”, “(223)”, “blank”, Radium”, “Ra”, “88”, “(226)”, “blank”, Actinium”, “Ac”, “89”, “(227)”, “blank”, Thorium”, “Th”, “90”, “232.038”, “4 times 10 to the negative 8”, Protactinium”, “Pa”, “91”, “231.036”, “blank”, Uranium”, “U”, “92”, “238.029”, “2 times 10 to the negative 8”, Neptunium”, “Np”, “93”, “(237)”, “blank”, Plutonium”, “Pu”, “94”, “(244)”, “blank”, Americium”, “Am”, “95”, “(243)”, “blank”, Curium”, “Cm”, “96”, “(247)”, “blank”, Berkelium”, “Bk”, “97”, “(247)”, “blank”, Californium”, “Cf”, “98”, “(251)”, “blank”, Einsteinium”, “Es”, “99”, “(252)”, “blank”, Fermium”, “Fm”, “100”, “(257)”, “blank”, Mendelevium”, “Md”, “101”, “(258)”, “blank”, Nobelium”, “No”, “102”, “(259)”, “blank”, Lawrencium”, “Lr”, “103”, “(262)”, “blank”, Rutherfordium”, “Rf”, “104”, “(267)”, “blank”, Dubnium”, “Db”, “105”, “(268)”, “blank”, Seaborgium”, “Sg”, “106”, “(271)”, “blank”, Bohrium”, “Bh”, “107”, “(272)”, “blank”, Hassium”, “Hs”, “108”, “(270)”, “blank”, Meitnerium”, “Mt”, “109”, “(276)”, “blank”, Darmstadtium”, “Ds”, “110”, “(281)”, “blank”, Roentgenium”, “Rg”, “111”, “(280)”, “blank”, Copernicium”, “Cn”, “112”, “(285)”, “blank”, Ununtrium”, “Uut”, “113”, “(284)”, “blank”, Flerovium”, “Fl”, “114”, “(289)”, “blank”, Ununpentium”, “Uup”, “115”, “(288)”, “blank”, Livermorium”, “Lv”, “116”, “(293)”, “blank”, Tennessine, Ts, “117”, “(294)”, “blank”, Oganesson, “Og”, “118”, “(294)”, “blank”.